Reports and Publications

ISO 1817 Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic - Determination of the effect of liquids describes two methods to described the volume change, the traditional water displacement method (WDM) and with help of photographic method (PM). The latter is especially useful when testing is done in extremely volatile liquids or liquified gasses. The main advantage of the PM is the extremely quick capturing of the surface area of the sample after removal from the test vessel. The WDM is much more time consuming having to weigh the sample in both air and water. During this time the test medium keeps evaporating from the sample making the WDM a less suitable method.

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Peer reviewed literature indicates that hydrogen is an indirect greenhouse gas. This might have implications on the transport of hydrogen through (repurposed) grids. It is an inescapable fact that transportation of energy comes with losses. In a gas grid part of these losses are fugitive emissions, i.e. gasses that escape from the confinement of the transportation grid. In a recent, yet unpublished study, the forecasted effects of transporting hydrogen through repurposed grids are examined. This study focused on the fugitive emissions of the gas grids, and the relative climate impact of these emissions. Different factors are assessed: leak rates, grid sizes and global warming potentials of hydrogen.

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Fictitious hydrogen leaks in the hydrogen house have been analyzed using computer simulations (CFD; Computational Fluid Dynamics). The risks of leaks and the operation of active and passive safety devices were examined. The results of the calculations have been used to provide insight into the consequences of a leak and to compare different situations. Computer simulations are a powerful tool to provide insight into (for example) the spread of leaks without having to carry out more expensive practical tests.

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Hydrogen is widely recognized as an environmentally friendly alternative to fossil fuels. However, it is also combustible and a greenhouse gas. In the application of hydrogen, for example in vehicles and during its transportation in pipeline networks, excess hydrogen inevitably occurs. To prevent its release, it is essential to equip vehicles and hydrogen networks with a boil-off management system (BMS) capable of efficiently venting excess gas. Kiwa's hydrogen expert Hans de Laat wrote an article on this topic.

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This report is a translation of the Dutch report GT-170272 Toekomstbestendige gasdistributienetten and describes a study into the future-proofing of gas distribution networks in a CO2-neutral and sustainable energy supply, which was carried out by Kiwa
Technology on behalf of Netbeheer Nederland.

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Both Japan and the Netherlands have strong interest in hydrogen as a clean energy source and are working on its development and implementation. What are the strengths of both countries? And how can they strengthen each other to make the transition to a hydrogen economy cheaper and more efficient? Kiwa investigated this for Rijksdienst voor Ondernemend Nederland (RVO). This resulted in an action plan.

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Like natural gas, hydrogen is odorless by nature. This can cause dangerous situations, for example if a leak occurs. It is very likely that hydrogen will be odorized in the built environment in order to meet the desired safety level. In this whitepaper Kiwa’s expert odorization Erik Polman takes a closer look at the odorization of hydrogen. What exactly is an odorant? What types of odorants are there? And how do we know whether a certain odorant is sufficient?

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Depending on the application, hydrogen must meet certain quality requirements. In this whitepaper we take a closer look at the quality requirements of hydrogen. We highlight aspects like: Which contaminants can occur in hydrogen? What is the impact of those contaminants? What quality requirements are set for the application of hydrogen? How can these quality requirements be checked?

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In a paper Materials expert Ernst van der Stok describes technical considerations explaining why air can safely be used to test the leak tightness of mechanical fittings and valves, which are to be used in the field of the supply hydrogen as an gaseous fuels up to 16 bar(g), without impacting the quality of the tests. This is important in the view of the product standards ISO 4437-4 (and its European counterpart EN 1555-4) and ISO 17885, which are well known documents to confirm the functional requirements (such as leak tightness) of valves for PE piping systems and mechanical fittings respectively.

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This report describes the results of a study conducted by Kiwa Technology for PVC4Pipes in cooperation with Netbeheer Nederland filling in some parts of those white spots. In this study straight joints have been artificial aged by exposition to hydrogen.

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For the safe commissioning of hydrogen distribution networks, it is important to use the correct purging criteria. At this stage hydrogen distribution networks are (planned to be) used in pilot projects. In general, it must be prevented that gas-air mixtures remain in the pipeline and this applies (to a greater extent) also for hydrogen-air mixtures. This poster is about the research that was done on this subject on behalf of Netbeheer Nederland and HyDelta.

Objective

Which purge velocity should be used for commissioning and decommissioning hydrogen pipelines?

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The Dutch research program HyDelta on “hydrogen in the existing gas grid” was started in 2020 and involved a scala of work packages. This poster is about the work package “gas pressure reducing stations”.

Objective

The main goals are to fill the gaps of knowledge if and how gas pressure reducing stations for natural gas can be used for hydrogen.

• Do existing gas stations work properly with hydrogen?
• How can maintenance work safely be done on gas stations with hydrogen?

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In 2018, the Dutch government decided to strive for a fossil-free energy supply by 2050 at the latest. Following that purpose and because of all the problems surrounding gas extraction in the province of Groningen, the Netherlands was supposed to get rid of gas as quickly as possible. What is the current state of that electrification decision? Has the role of gas in the energy mix completely been played out? Kiwa conducted research and published the results in the report “How the Dutch all-electric ambition was caught up by reality”.

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Telecharger le rapport – FR

Energy Delta Gas Research (EDGaR) is the national gas research program in which a large number of knowledge institutes and network operators have worked together. Within the EDGaR research program, the knowledge and experience developed within the 'Kenniscentrum Gasnetbeheer' form an important input.

• Kiwa - Effects of Narrow Band Gases on Materials - EDGaR A6a - GT-140281 - 2015-05-07
• Kiwa - Effects of Narrow Band Gases on Materials - Lit. study - EDGaR A6a - GT-110204 - 2012-04-03
• Kiwa - Effects of Wide Band Gases on Materials - EDGaR A5a - GT-140282 - 2015-05-07 - Final
• Kiwa - Effects of Wide Band Gases on Materials - Lit. study - EDGaR A5a - GT-110205 - 2012-04-10
• Kiwa - Impact of Sustainable Gases on Joints - EDGaR B9 - GT-140283 - 2015-05-07 - Final
• Kiwa - Impact of Sustainable Gases on Joints - Lit. study - EDGaR B9 - GT-110207 - 2012-08-24

The “Sustainable Ameland” project was initiated to demonstrate the injection of hydrogen up to 20% into low calorific Groningen natural gas (G25) in practice in order to contribute to the energy transition. Moreover the project enabled the accumulation of experience with the electrolysis, the mixing process and the influence of hydrogen mixture on the behaviour of the
Dutch gas grid and conventional gas appliances. It gave the public the possibility to become acquainted with hydrogen mixtures.

Download here the paper about this project that we presented at the IGRC 2011
IGRC 2011 - Pilot Project on Hydrogen Injection in Natural Gas on Island of Ameland in the Netherlands